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How many guppies fit in a 40L, 60L or 100L tank, why the 2:1 female-to-male ratio matters more than the number, and how fry turn stocking into a moving target.

Guppies need hard, mineral-rich water. Soft water is the most common cause of clamped fins, faded colour and unexplained losses — here is what to test and how to fix it.

Gestation, brood size, stored sperm, and what fry actually need in their first six weeks — including why your shop-bought female is already pregnant.

Guppy disease (Tetrahymena), Camallanus worms, columnaris and fin rot — how to tell them apart, and why modern fancy guppies die in their first month.

Delta, veiltail, lyretail, double sword and the rest — plus cobra, tuxedo, mosaic and moscow colour strains, and which are actually easier to keep.

Poecilia reticulata and Poecilia wingei differ in size, fin shape and colour — but they interbreed freely, which is why most shop "Endlers" are hybrids.